: Jared Kushner’s Influence Could Shape Trump’s Middle East Agenda Despite Complications,” Photo Credit: Barnes & Noble
Jared Kushner Expands Stake in Israeli Financial Firm Amid Political Developments
Edited by: TJVNews.com
Jared Kushner, the former senior adviser to Donald Trump and a key architect of the Abraham Accords, is poised to double his investment firm’s stake in Phoenix Financial, one of Israel’s leading financial institutions, as was recently reported by The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. This significant move comes just days before his father-in-law is set to return to the White House.
Israeli regulators have approved Kushner’s Miami-based investment firm, Affinity Partners, to increase its ownership of Phoenix Financial by an additional 4.95%, according to Bloomberg News. With this transaction, Affinity Partners will hold nearly 10% of Phoenix Financial, after initially acquiring a stake in the company last year. Founded shortly after the establishment of Israel, Phoenix is a cornerstone of Israel’s insurance industry and financial landscape. The JTA report indicated that Kushner’s growing investment speaks volumes about his confidence in the Israeli economy, which continues to navigate challenges stemming from ongoing multi-front conflicts that have strained national resources.
Phoenix Financial’s stock has seen significant gains since Kushner’s initial investment, reflecting market confidence inspired by his endorsement. Speaking to Bloomberg News, Kushner emphasized his belief in Israel’s economic resilience and Phoenix’s business fundamentals. “Investing in Phoenix in July 2024 was a decision rooted in my belief in Israel’s resiliency and the fundamentals of Phoenix’s business,” Kushner remarked, according to the JTA report. “Six months later, the increased value of our shares reaffirms my conviction—both in Israel’s strength and the growing promise of Phoenix.”
Kushner’s history of engagement with Middle Eastern affairs lends broader significance to his investment activity in Israel. During Trump’s first term, Kushner played a pivotal role in the administration’s Middle East initiatives, including brokering the Abraham Accords, which normalized relations between Israel and four Arab nations, as was indicated in the JTA report. His investment in Phoenix Financial could be seen as a continuation of his involvement in the region, albeit through a financial lens rather than a political one.
Affinity Partners itself has garnered considerable attention since its inception, particularly after securing a $2 billion investment from a fund led by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. This funding was later scrutinized in a U.S. Senate investigation, reflecting the high stakes and geopolitical implications tied to Kushner’s business ventures. According to the JTA, Kushner’s financial and political roles remain intertwined, even as he has taken a step back from overt political activities.
Notably, neither Kushner nor his wife, Ivanka Trump, were directly involved in Donald Trump’s 2024 campaign, and neither has been named to a role in the incoming administration. However, the JTA report said that there is speculation that Kushner may still serve as an informal adviser on Middle East issues, given his expertise and track record in the region.
Israeli Security Cabinet Approves Controversial Hostage Deal with Hamas
Edited by: Fern Sidman
The Israeli Security Cabinet voted on Friday to approve a high-stakes hostage deal with Hamas, despite objections from some senior ministers. According to a report on the Israel National News (INN) web site, the deal seeks to secure the release of hostages held by Hamas in Gaza, while balancing Israel’s diplomatic, security, and humanitarian interests. Only National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir and Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich voted against the agreement.
The Prime Minister’s Office explained the rationale behind the deal, stating, “Following an evaluation of all diplomatic, security, and humanitarian aspects, and while understanding that the proposed deal supports the achievement of the objectives of the war, the Security Cabinet has recommended that the Government approve the proposed framework.” INN noted that the government is set to convene later in the day to finalize the decision.
During the Security Cabinet meeting, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu emphasized the international support for Israel’s position. Netanyahu shared excerpts from his conversations with President Joe Biden and President-elect Donald Trump, pointing to their consensus that if the second phase of negotiations fails, Israel will resume intensive military action.
Senior security officials advocated for the immediate ratification of the deal. ISA (Shin Bet) Director Ronen Bar highlighted the urgency of the situation, warning that delays could endanger the hostages’ lives and give Hamas more time to regroup. According to the information provided by INN, Bar stated, “It is important to ratify the deal as fast as possible and not to defer the general cabinet meeting to tomorrow. The earlier we bring the hostages home, the better.”
The deal reportedly contains safeguards to protect Israel’s security interests, a point strongly emphasized by the heads of Israel’s security establishment during the Cabinet meeting.
Despite widespread support among security officials, the deal has sparked significant controversy. National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir voiced fierce opposition, particularly over the release of convicted Palestinian terrorists. INN quoted Ben-Gvir as saying, “If until yesterday I was terrified of this deal, today, as more and more details come out about the release of terrorists with life sentences into Jerusalem, Judea, and Samaria when everyone knows that the terrorists will again attack and kill, I am so much more terrified.”
Ben-Gvir called on his coalition colleagues to oppose the agreement, arguing that it jeopardizes Israel’s security. Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich also voted against the deal but has been in talks with Netanyahu to ensure the Religious Zionism party remains in the coalition despite their disagreement. In his discussions with Netanyahu, Smotrich reiterated that without a clear path to military escalation and a definitive plan to dismantle Hamas, his party would have no choice but to withdraw from the government.
INN reported significant progress in these discussions, signaling efforts to maintain government stability following the contentious decision. Critical understandings were reached on conditions for resuming combat in the Gaza Strip and the management of humanitarian aid. According to INN, these agreements appear to stabilize the coalition following threats of resignation from both Smotrich and National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir.
Finance Minister Smotrich has been vocal in his opposition to the recently approved hostage deal, emphasizing that his party, the Religious Zionism Party, would only remain in the coalition if Israel commits to fully resuming large-scale military operations in Gaza after the deal concludes. INN reported that Smotrich insisted on “a full return to war with great force, in full scale, and a new configuration, until total victory on all its components, first and foremost, the destruction of the Hamas terror organization and the return of all hostages.”
Although the full details of the agreements have yet to be disclosed, the INN report highlighted that government sources are framing this as a significant political breakthrough. Smotrich’s primary conditions regarding military operations and the control of humanitarian aid were reportedly accepted during the talks. This development could prevent a potential collapse of the coalition, especially after Ben-Gvir threatened to resign if the hostage deal proceeded.
Minister of Culture Miki Zohar supported the deal after carefully reviewing its terms. Zohar told INN, “After I learned the details of the deal, I was convinced that Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Trump insisted on the fundamental principles critical to Israel’s security, and more is unknown than is known.” Zohar’s statement reflects the delicate balance of securing hostages while preserving Israel’s long-term security interests.
As of now, the government’s formal approval of the deal remains pending, with a meeting scheduled for later in the day. The agreement has broad implications, including the potential release of individuals convicted of terrorism, which critics argue could lead to future attacks. Proponents, however, maintain that the deal prioritizes the immediate safety and return of Israeli hostages.
Smotrich expressed his satisfaction with the progress made, stating, “Over the past two days, the Prime Minister and I have been conducting feverish discussions on the matter. He knows what the Religious Zionist Party’s demands are, and the ball is in his court.”
The government’s decision to approve the hostage deal has been polarizing, with both Smotrich and Ben-Gvir strongly opposing the agreement due to its inclusion of concessions to Hamas. As INN reported earlier, Smotrich condemned the deal, arguing that it compromises Israel’s security and undermines its long-term objectives in Gaza.
Ben-Gvir, on the other hand, threatened to resign from the government entirely, citing concerns over the release of dangerous terrorists as part of the deal. The tensions within the coalition have highlighted the fragility of Israel’s current political alignment and the high stakes involved in balancing humanitarian considerations with national security objectives.
The government now faces the task of navigating these commitments, ensuring that the coalition remains intact, and addressing the security concerns that have fueled internal discord. The coming weeks will likely determine whether these agreements will hold and how they will shape Israel’s approach to the ongoing conflict.
Dysautonomia, also known as autonomic nervous system disorders, refers to a group of medical conditions causing dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls essential bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation. Individuals with these disorders struggle to maintain normal regulation of one or more of these systems.
Dysautonomia is a term describing disorders that affect the autonomic nervous system. Illustration by The Epoch Times, Shutterstock
More than 70 million people worldwide are affected by different types of dysautonomia.
What Are the Symptoms and Signs of Dysautonomia?
The ANS is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, and body temperature regulation. It consists of two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy expenditure during stress or danger.
Dysautonomia occurs when something causes the autonomic nervous system, which oversees fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest responses, to malfunction. Illustration by The Epoch Times, Shutterstock
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for “rest-and-digest” functions by promoting relaxation, slowing the heart rate, and aiding digestion and energy conservation.
The ANS helps maintain balance (homeostasis) in the body by automatically adjusting these functions according to internal and external conditions. Dysautonomia occurs when the ANS malfunctions, causing the systems to fail to regulate the aforementioned processes properly, thus leading to various symptoms and signs.
Dysautonomia symptoms and signs can be acute and reversible or chronic and progressive. Common symptoms include those listed below.
Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic (upright posture) hypotension is the most prominent symptom of dysautonomia. It results from a sudden decrease in brain blood supply when moving from a seated or supine position to standing, leading to the following symptoms:
Dizziness
Lightheadedness
Fainting
Dim or blurry vision
Weakness
Unsteady gait
Slurred speech
Exercise-induced syncope (fainting)
Urinary Dysfunction
Increased urinary frequency
Nocturia (the need to urinate frequently during the night)
Urinary urgency
Stress incontinence
Sexual Dysfunction
Impotence
Loss of sex drive
Dry or retrograde ejaculation
Gastrointestinal Problems
Intermittent diarrhea
Explosive diarrhea (in severe cases)
Nocturnal diarrhea
Rectal incontinence
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Acid reflux
Heartburn
Cardiovascular Issues
Heart palpitations
Chest discomfort
High or low heart rate
High or low blood pressure
Blood pooling, which is when blood cannot return to the heart properly and collects in the veins
Neurological Problems
Mood swings
Anxiety
Forgetfulness
Migraines
Other Symptoms and Signs
Abnormal sweating
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Drooling or dry mouth
Vertigo
Dry or watery eyes
Trouble swallowing
Clammy or pale skin
What Causes Dysautonomia?
Dysautonomia falls into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary dysautonomias result from genetic or degenerative diseases affecting the brain and nervous system, while secondary dysautonomias arise from injuries or other underlying conditions. The latter may be linked to medications (e.g., first-generation antipsychotics), brain trauma, or conditions such as diabetes, sarcoidosis, and certain autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s syndrome).
Idiopathic dysautonomias are autonomic nervous system disorders with an unknown underlying cause.
Environmental factors such as medical conditions, vaccinations, and medications can cause secondary dysautonomia. Some of these include:
Viral infections: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus, herpes viruses, flavivirus, enterovirus 71, and lyssavirus infections can cause autonomic dysfunction.
Lyme disease:Lyme disease can lead to the development of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other forms of dysautonomia.
Diabetes: Diabetes can cause diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Parkinson’s disease: The findings of a 2019 study indicate that autonomic dysfunction is linked to disrupted white matter, impaired brain connectivity, and cognitive decline in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Myalgic encephalomyelitis: This is also known as chronic fatigue syndrome.
Long COVID: A 2022 study found that symptoms of dysautonomia are common in people with long COVID. The most affected areas of dysautonomia include digestive issues, problems with sweating and other secretions, and difficulty standing up without feeling dizzy or faint. Older patients also tend to experience more orthostatic intolerance, which is when standing up causes changes such as a drop in blood pressure.
COVID-19 vaccination: As per a 2023 study, some people experience chronic fatigue and dysautonomia after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, a condition referred to as post-acute COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PACVS). Researchers found that PACVS patients who had symptoms of dysautonomia for at least five months after vaccination showed different blood markers compared to healthy individuals. These differences included higher levels of certain antibodies and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can help distinguish PACVS from a normal postvaccination response. The exact number of vaccinated individuals affected by PACVS is unknown, but current estimates suggest an incidence of about 0.02 percent.
What Are the Types of Dysautonomia?
Currently, there are at least 15 known types of dysautonomia. One individual may experience multiple types, with overlapping symptoms across them.
Ten of the more prevalent types include:
Vasovagal syncope: Vasovagal syncope, also known as neurocardiogenic syncope, is the most common form of dysautonomia, affecting 22 percent of Americans. While many experience only occasional fainting spells, severe cases can involve fainting multiple times a day. Vasovagal syncope is a type of fainting caused by an abnormal or exaggerated response of the body’s automatic functions to stimuli such as standing up or strong emotions. The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but it involves changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and activation of specific heart fibers.
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): POTS is characterized by an abnormally rapid increase in heart rate when moving from a sitting or lying down position to standing. It is one of the more common types of dysautonomia. Before COVID-19, POTS affected about 1 percent of teenagers and between 1 to 3 million Americans overall. Some sources suggest that this number has increased by 1 million to 3 million since the pandemic. For more details on the condition, please refer to The Essential Guide to POTS.
Orthostatic and postprandial hypotension: Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain. It often causes dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. Orthostatic hypotension affects approximately 6 percent of the general population and is more common in older adults, affecting 10 percent to 30 percent of this age group. Similarly, postprandial hypotension is when blood pressure drops suddenly after a meal. During digestion, the body increases blood flow to the stomach and intestines, causing the heart to pump faster and blood vessels to constrict to maintain overall blood pressure. However, in people with postprandial hypotension, the heart doesn’t speed up enough, and blood vessels fail to constrict properly, leading to a drop in blood pressure. It affects around 40 percent of older adults over 65.
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is a common form of dysautonomia, affecting 20 percent of individuals with diabetes. It is a severe diabetes complication linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality.
Multiple system atrophy (MSA): MSA is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting adults over 40. It shares similarities with Parkinson’s disease but progresses more rapidly, often leaving patients bedridden within two years of diagnosis and leading to death within five to 10 years. Approximately 350,000 people worldwide are affected by MSA. Its cause is largely unknown, but the condition is associated with the deterioration and atrophy of specific brain areas, including the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem, along with the accumulation of alpha-synuclein, a protein involved in nerve cell communication.
Familial dysautonomia: Also known as Riley-Day syndrome, familial dysautonomia is a rare inherited disorder that affects the autonomic and sensory nervous systems. It causes unstable blood pressure, reduced sensitivity to pain and temperature, and a lack of tears when crying. Individuals with familial dysautonomia may experience an autonomic crisis characterized by sudden high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and vomiting or retching. Familial dysautonomia is caused by a genetic mutation in the ELP1 gene (also known as the IKBKAP gene), which produces a protein found in various cells, including brain cells.
Baroreflex failure: Baroreflex failure occurs when the body’s baroreflex system, which regulates blood pressure, fails. This system sends signals to the brain to adjust blood pressure by activating the parasympathetic nervous system to lower heart rate when blood pressure is high and deactivating the sympathetic nervous system to reduce heart rate and dilate blood vessels. When blood pressure is too low, the opposite occurs. As a result of baroreflex failure, blood pressure fluctuates between being too high and too low, causing symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, headaches, sweating, and skin flushing. It is a rare condition often caused by neck trauma from surgery or radiation therapy for cancer, although in some cases, the cause is unknown.
Pure autonomic failure (PAF): PAF, also known as Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, is a rare form of dysautonomia characterized by the degeneration of autonomic nervous system cells. Its hallmark symptom is severe orthostatic hypotension, which leads to dizziness, fainting, and syncope. It more commonly affects men and typically occurs in middle-aged to older adults. As per estimation, fewer than 5,000 Americans live with this condition. PAF is linked to the abnormal buildup of alpha-synuclein, which is also seen in conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, MSA, and dementia with Lewy bodies.
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST): IST is a chronic condition where the heart maintains a normal rhythm but beats excessively fast, with a resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute (bpm), compared to the normal range of 60 to 100 bpm. It affects approximately 1 percent of the middle-aged population, with a higher prevalence in females. The cause of IST is unknown. One theory suggests that the sinoatrial node may have an abnormality, or the individual might be overly sensitive to adrenaline, a hormone that increases heart rate.
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG):AAG is a rare form of dysautonomia wherein the immune system attacks receptors in the autonomic ganglia, a part of the peripheral ANS. It can present with either rapid or progressive symptom onset and is often linked to high levels of ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibodies (g-AChR antibodies). AAG affects individuals of all ages and both sexes, with about 100 cases diagnosed annually in the United States.
Who Is More Likely to Develop Dysautonomia?
The following factors put a person more at risk of certain types of dysautonomia:
Age: POTS and vasovagal syncope is often more common among teens and young adults, causing 85 percent of fainting instances in people under 40. In people aged 50 and older, dysautonomia is usually associated with a neurodegenerative disease.
Sex:POTS is most commonly observed in women of childbearing age, typically between 15 and 50 years old.
Ethnicity: People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at a higher risk of dysautonomia, especially familial dysautonomia, which affects almost exclusively this population.
Diabetes: Diabetics are prone to developing diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Alcoholism: Excessive drinking is known to affect the ANS.
Injury or surgery: An event that damages the ANS or brain can lead to dysautonomia.
Deconditioning:Deconditioning is the loss of physical function due to lack of activity, extended bed rest, or a very sedentary lifestyle.
Certain medical conditions: These conditions include amyloidosis, celiac disease, mitochondrial diseases, mast cell disorders, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), various autoimmune diseases, and Sjögren’s syndrome.
(AP) — President-elect Donald Trump will take the oath of office from inside the Capitol Rotunda on Monday due to forecasts of intense cold weather.
“The weather forecast for Washington, D.C., with the windchill factor, could take temperatures into severe record lows,” Trump posted on his Truth Social platform. “There is an Arctic blast sweeping the Country. I don’t want to see people hurt, or injured, in any way.”
The Rotunda is prepared as an alternative for each inauguration in the event of inclement weather. The swearing-in was last moved indoors in 1985, when President Ronald Reagan began his second term. Monday’s forecast calls for the lowest inauguration day temperatures since that day.
Outgoing President Joe Biden, members of Congress and other dignitaries and notable guests will be able to view the ceremony from inside the Capitol.
Alternate plans are required for the more than roughly 250,000 guests ticketed to view the inauguration from around the Capitol grounds and the tens of thousands more expected to be in general admission areas or to line the inaugural parade route from the Capitol to the White House.
Trump said some supporters would be able to watch the ceremony from Washington’s Capital One Arena on Monday, a day after he plans to hold a rally there. He said he would visit the arena, which has a capacity of about 20,000, after his swearing-in, and host a modified inaugural parade there.
Trump said other inaugural events, including the Sunday rally and his participation in three official inaugural balls on Monday night, would take place as scheduled.
The National Weather Service is predicting the temperature to be around 22 degrees (minus-6 Celsius) at noon during the swearing-in, the coldest since Reagan’s second inauguration saw temperatures plunge to 7 degrees (minus-14 Celsius). Barack Obama’s 2009 swearing-in was 28 degrees (minus-2 Celsius).
“The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies will honor the request of the President-elect and his Presidential Inaugural Committee to move the 60th Inaugural Ceremonies inside the U.S. Capitol to the Rotunda,” a spokesperson said Friday.
Who Dominates the H-1B Visa Program? Top Companies Revealed
The H-1B visa program remains a cornerstone of hiring high-skilled international workers, particularly in the tech sector. Recent data from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) highlights the companies with the most approved H-1B beneficiaries in 2024, showcasing the heavy reliance on this program by major corporations.
Big Tech Leads the Way
More than half of all approved H-1B visas in 2024 were secured by a small group of companies, predominantly in the tech industry. For the fifth consecutive year, Amazon topped the list, primarily hiring engineers and other tech-focused roles.
Big tech companies often leverage their extensive legal resources to navigate the competitive H-1B lottery system, which is frequently oversubscribed. Many of these firms apply for more visas than they require to improve their chances of securing the talent they need.
Outsourcing Firms Among Top Users
Following Amazon, India-based Infosys ranked as the second-largest employer of H-1B visa beneficiaries. Like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), another major Indian IT outsourcing company, Infosys relies heavily on the program to staff roles in North America, its largest market. In 2024, North America accounted for over 50% of TCS’s revenue.
Salary Disparities Reflect Different Strategies
Tech companies and outsourcing firms utilize the H-1B program differently, which is evident in salary trends. For example:
Microsoft offered a median salary of $160,000 for its H-1B workers in 2024, reflecting its focus on senior, high-paying roles.
Tata Consultancy Services, by contrast, had a median H-1B salary of $82,000, highlighting its focus on less-senior positions.
The H-1B Program’s Central Role
As these numbers show, the H-1B visa program remains a critical tool for both U.S.-based tech giants and international outsourcing firms, enabling them to meet their workforce needs and maintain their competitive edge in an increasingly global economy.
Star-Studded Lineup Announced for FireAid: Benefit Concert to Support L.A. Wildfire Recovery
(TJV) Some of the biggest names in music are coming together for FireAid, a benefit concert to help communities impacted by the devastating wildfires in Los Angeles. Headliners include Billie Eilish and Finneas, Earth, Wind & Fire, Green Day, Lady Gaga, Stevie Nicks, Pink, Katy Perry, Rod Stewart, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Sting, Stephen Stills, Joni Mitchell, and more. Adding to the excitement, Dave Matthews and John Mayer will perform together for the first time together onstage
The event will take place on January 30 at two iconic Inglewood venues: The Intuit Dome and The Forum. Originally scheduled for just one location, the concert expanded due to overwhelming demand. Additional performers and special guests are expected to be announced in the coming days, ensuring an unforgettable night of music and unity.
Where to Watch
For those unable to attend in person, FireAid will be streamed across multiple platforms, including Apple Music, the Apple TV app, Netflix/Tudum, Prime Video, Paramount+, SiriusXM, Spotify, YouTube, KTLA+, and more. Select AMC Theatres will also broadcast the concert, making it accessible to fans worldwide.
A United Effort
As The Hollywood Reporter noted, the event is a collaborative effort by Live Nation, AEG, and the Azoff Company, working alongside local organizations to aid those affected by fires that ravaged areas like Pacific Palisades, Malibu, and Altadena. Firefighters continue to battle the blazes, with the Eaton Fire 55% contained and the Palisades Fire 22% contained as of Thursday.
FireAid is not just about music—it’s a testament to the power of the entertainment industry to rally behind a cause. As The Hollywood Reporter emphasized, the event underscores the music community’s commitment to helping rebuild and support the lives of those devastated by this disaster.
Stay tuned for updates on the lineup and additional details about this monumental event. Don’t miss the chance to witness an unforgettable evening of music and hope, all for a vital cause.
The road to the NFL’s final four features seven of the eight division winners.
Patrick Mahomes and the two-time defending Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs open the divisional round weekend against C.J. Stroud and the Houston Texans on Saturday afternoon.
Rookie sensation Jayden Daniels leads the Washington Commanders against the No. 1 seed Detroit Lions in a prime-time matchup. Daniels helped the Commanders upset the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a wild-card game.
Saquon Barkley and the Philadelphia Eagles host the Los Angeles Rams, who are coming off a short week following a Monday night win, in the early game Sunday.
Then it’s Lamar Jackson and the Baltimore Ravens against Josh Allen and the Buffalo Bills to cap the weekend.
Three of the home teams are favorites by at least six points, according to Bet MGM Sportsbook.
Houston (11-7) at Kansas City (15-2)
Line: Chiefs minus 8 1/2
Kansas City’s quest for a three-peat starts against the Texans, who are coming off an impressive 32-12 win over the Los Angeles Chargers. Stroud made big plays with his arm and even had a career-long 27-yard run that sparked the offense against Los Angeles. Houston’s defense baffled Justin Herbert, forcing four interceptions, including a pair by All-Pro cornerback Derek Stingley. If Stroud and the offense avoid turnovers and Joe Mixon has another 100-yard game rushing, the Texans can keep Mahomes off the field and have a chance to pull off the upset.
The Chiefs beat the Texans 27-19 in Week 16. They were home for that one, too. Houston lost wide receiver Tank Dell to a knee injury on a touchdown catch in that game. Mahomes finished the season with 11 TDs and zero picks in his last six games. After sitting out in Week 18 and a bye, Mahomes and most of the starters have to avoid being rusty in their first game action in three weeks.
The Chiefs are 8-0 with Mahomes in the divisional and wild-card rounds. They’re 6-0 against the spread in their past six playoff games. But Kansas City is 22-32-3 ATS as a favorite of at least seven points with Mahomes, including 0-5-1 this season.
CHIEFS: 27-17
Washington (13-5) at Detroit (15-2)
Line: Lions minus 9 1/2
The Commanders keep finding ways to win late with five straight victories coming down to the final play. The victory in Tampa Bay was the franchise’s first playoff win since 2006. Daniels connected often with Terry McLaurin and Dyami Brown, but Washington will need Brian Robinson and Austin Ekeler to run more effectively to have a chance against Detroit. A defense that held Baker Mayfield and the Buccaneers to their worst game in eight weeks has to step up against the most dynamic offense in the NFL.
The Lions could get running back David Montgomery back to join Jahmyr Gibbs in an elite backfield. That should open things up even more for Jared Goff throwing to All-Pro wide receiver Amon-Ra St. Brown and other playmakers.
Since the NFL expanded to 14 playoff teams with only two getting a bye, No. 1 seeds are 3-5 against the spread in the divisional round.
Teams that won as an underdog in the wild-card round are 2-20 straight up and 10-12 ATS in the divisional round.
LIONS: 30-24
Los Angeles Rams (11-7) at Philadelphia (15-3)
Line: Eagles minus 6
Jalen Hurts shook off the rust after a three-week layoff and the Eagles relied on a stout defense to beat the Packers 22-10 last week.
The Rams used a dominant defensive effort to eliminate the Vikings, sacking Sam Darnold nine times in a 27-9 victory. Getting to Hurts won’t be that easy behind an offensive line that features five guys who received All-Pro votes.
Plus, the Eagles are going to run the ball often with Barkley, who set a franchise record with 255 yards rushing in a 37-20 win in Los Angeles on Nov. 24.
Rams coach Sean McVay vs. Eagles defensive coordinator Vic Fangio should be a classic head-to-head matchup. Matthew Stafford had success throwing against Philly’s No. 1 defense in the previous meeting. He connected with Puka Nacua and Cooper Kupp 17 times for 177 of his 243 yards passing.
The Rams have to travel cross-country and have one less day of rest following a Monday night win. But McVay is 16-7 against the spread on short rest, going 7-1 ATS in his past eight games. With Stafford at quarterback, McVay is 8-2 ATS on short rest.
Still, playing in Philadelphia in January is different and the Eagles are 6-0 straight up at home in the divisional round, covering the spread in five of those games.
BEST BET: EAGLES: 29-17
Baltimore (13-5) at Buffalo (13-4)
Line: Ravens minus 1
Jackson vs. Allen gets all the hype but this isn’t going to decide the NFL MVP. Votes were cast before the playoffs started. Jackson, who earned All-Pro honors, led Baltimore to a 28-14 win against Pittsburgh last week while Allen and the Bills routed Denver 31-7.
The Ravens put a 35-10 beatdown on the Bills at home in Week 4. They’re road favorites, a sign of disrespect for Buffalo. The Bills haven’t been home underdogs in the playoffs since 1967 against the Chiefs.
Buffalo’s defense has a tough task trying to slow down Jackson and Derrick Henry. Greg Rousseau, Von Miller and Ed Oliver need to pressure Jackson and somehow keep him contained.
Baltimore has to do the same against an offense led by Allen and James Cook. Ravens rookie cornerback Nate Wiggins on Bills rookie receiver Keon Coleman should be a fun matchup.
The Bills have been trying to get back to the AFC title game after three straight losses in this round.
UPSET SPECIAL: BILLS: 30-27
Pro Picks is a weekly column where AP Pro Football Writer Rob Maaddi shares his picks for upcoming games. For all previous Pro Picks, head here.
Massive Security Measures Surround White House Ahead of Trump’s Inauguration
A network of towering concrete barriers and non-scalable fences has been erected around the White House as the U.S. prepares for Donald Trump’s inauguration. Dubbed a “ring of steel,” these precautions are intended to ensure the safety of the president-elect during Monday’s ceremony, which is expected to draw a crowd of approximately 250,000.
The barriers, installed in the early hours of the morning, are part of a year-long security planning effort, according to U.S. Secret Service Special Agent in Charge William “Matt” McCool. “It’s an ever-changing threat environment, and so we stay flexible,” McCool told Mirror US. “If we see that a particular checkpoint needs reinforcement, we adjust as needed.”
Concerns about Trump’s security have been heightened following two high-profile assassination attempts during his campaign. Officials are particularly wary of threats posed by lone actors, reported the Associated Press.
The inauguration, Trump’s second, is shaping up to be markedly different from previous transitions of power. Unlike the traditional attendance of outgoing presidents, Trump notably skipped President Joe Biden’s swearing-in ceremony in 2021, which occurred amid the aftermath of the Capitol siege by Trump supporters. Visible reminders of that unrest have lingered in Washington, D.C., contributing to the heightened security measures this year.
Record-Breaking Fundraising for Inauguration Events
Trump’s inaugural committee has raised over $170 million for the multi-day celebration, with a goal of exceeding $200 million. According to Mirror US, this amount significantly outpaces the $62 million raised for Biden’s inauguration. Tech leaders and high-profile donors have been key contributors to the event, which includes a parade, the oath of office ceremony, and lavish inaugural balls. Excess funds are expected to support Trump’s future presidential library.
Country music star Carrie Underwood and the Village People are among the performers scheduled to entertain attendees. Underwood expressed her gratitude for being part of the event, saying, “I love our country and am honored to sing at the inauguration… We must come together in unity and look to the future.”
As anticipation builds, officials remain vigilant in ensuring the safety and smooth execution of one of the most significant political events in the U.S.
(AP) — President Joe Biden won’t enforce a ban on the social media app TikTok that is set to take effect a day before he leaves office on Monday, a U.S. official said Thursday, leaving its fate in the hands of President-elect Donald Trump.
Congress last year, in a law signed by Biden, required that TikTok’s China-based parent company ByteDance divest the company by Jan. 19, a day before the presidential inauguration. The official said the outgoing administration was leaving the implementation of the law — and the potential enforcement of the ban — to Trump.
The official spoke on condition of anonymity in order to discuss internal Biden administration thinking.
Trump, who once called to ban the app, has since pledged to keep it available in the U.S., though his transition team has not said how they intend to accomplish that.
TikTok CEO Shou Zi Chew is expected to attend Trump’s inauguration and be granted a prime seating location on the dais as the president-elect’s national security adviser signals that the incoming administration may take steps to “keep TikTok from going dark.”
Incoming national security adviser Mike Waltz on Thursday told Fox News Channel’s “Fox & Friends” that the federal law that could ban TikTok by Sunday also “allows for an extension as long as a viable deal is on the table.”
The push to save TikTok, much like the move to ban it in the U.S., has crossed partisan lines. Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer said he spoke with Biden on Thursday to advocate for extending the deadline to ban TikTok.
“It’s clear that more time is needed to find an American buyer and not disrupt the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans, of so many influencers who have built up a good network of followers,” Schumer said Thursday on the Senate floor.
Democrats had tried on Wednesday to pass legislation that would have extended the deadline, but Republican Sen. Tom Cotton of Arkansas blocked it. Cotton, chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said that TikTok has had ample time to find a buyer.
“TikTok is a Chinese Communist spy app that addicts our kids, harvests their data, targets them with harmful and manipulative content, and spreads communist propaganda,” Cotton said.
TikTok CEO’s is expected to be seated on the dais for the inauguration along with tech billionaires Elon Musk, who is CEO of SpaceX, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, according to two people with the matter. The people spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss internal planning.
Last week, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a legal challenge to the statute brought by TikTok, its China-based parent company ByteDance, and users of the app. The Justices seemed likely to uphold the law, which requires ByteDance to divest TikTok on national security grounds or face a ban in one of its biggest markets.
“If the Supreme Court comes out with a ruling in favor of the law, President Trump has been very clear: Number one, TikTok is a great platform that many Americans use and has been great for his campaign and getting his message out. But number two, he’s going to protect their data,” Waltz said on Wednesday.
“He’s a deal maker. I don’t want to get ahead of our executive orders, but we’re going to create this space to put that deal in place,” he added.
Separately on Wednesday, Pam Bondi, Trump’s pick for attorney general, dodged a question during a Senate hearing on whether she’d uphold a TikTok ban.
Trump has reversed his position on the popular app, having tried to ban it during his first term in office over national security concerns. He joined TikTok during his 2024 presidential campaign and his team used it to connect with younger voters, especially male voters, by pushing content that was often macho and aimed at going viral. He pledged to “save TikTok” during the campaign and has credited the platform with helping him win more youth votes.
Rabbi Riccardo Di Segni meets with Pope Francis. (X Screenshot
Rome’s chief Jewish rabbi, Riccardo Di Segni, delivered sharp criticism of Pope Francis on Thursday during a Catholic-Jewish dialogue event, accusing the pontiff of disproportionately condemning Israel’s military campaign in Gaza. The remarks came as part of the annual World Day of Catholic-Jewish Dialogue, held at a Catholic university in Rome.
Rabbi Di Segni, who has led Rome’s Jewish community since 2001, argued that Francis has shown an unfair focus on Israel compared to other global conflicts in regions like Sudan, Yemen, Syria, and Ethiopia. “Selective indignation … weakens the pope’s strength,” he said, adding that a pope “cannot divide the world into children and stepchildren and must denounce the sufferings of all. This is exactly what the Pope does not do.”
Pope Francis, the spiritual leader of 1.4 billion Catholics worldwide, has recently amplified his criticisms of Israel’s actions in Gaza, describing the humanitarian crisis there as “very serious and shameful.” His remarks followed escalating violence between Israel and Hamas, the Palestinian terror group governing Gaza. A ceasefire agreement between the two sides was reached on Wednesday and is set to begin on Sunday.
Rabbi Di Segni’s comments drew a reaction from Rev. Marco Gnavi, a Catholic priest and one of the event’s organizers, who expressed discomfort at the rabbi’s criticism. “You can’t ask us not to suffer both with you and with others,” said Gnavi.
Relations between Catholics and Jews have greatly improved over the past few decades after centuries of tension, with dialogue events like this one fostering understanding between the two faiths.
In his last interview as President, Joe Biden told MSNBC that Israel must “accommodate legitimate concerns of Palestinians.”
“Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has to find a way to accommodate the legitimate concerns of Palestinians for the long-term sustainability of Israel,” he declared.
Biden also said that Israel would be unable to thrive in the long term without dealing with the “Palestinian question.”
Speaking about his sometimes fractious relationship with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Biden said, “I kept reminding my friend, and he is a friend, although we don’t agree on a whole lot lately, Bibi Netanyahu, that he has to find a way to accommodate the legitimate concerns of a large group of people called Palestinians, who have no place to live independently.”
President Joe Biden signed an executive order extending sanctions on a group of Israeli settlers living in Judea and Samaria, accusing them of “extremism” that undermines American foreign policy and the prospects for a two-state solution.
The sanctions, which target Israeli Jews labeled as “extremists” by the Biden administration, were extended less than a week before President-elect Donald Trump is set to take office.
Biden initially signed the executive order on February 1, 2024, allowing federal authorities to freeze assets and block transactions involving individuals deemed by the U.S. government to be “extremist Israeli settlers.”
Claims from left-wing NGOs in Israel prompted the move and reports from the United Nations, which accused settlers in Judea and Samaria of engaging in violence and harassment against Palestinian Arabs following the October 7 attacks.
On Tuesday, Biden issued a statement announcing the extension of the sanctions for another year, describing the actions of the sanctioned settlers as an “unusual and extraordinary threat” to U.S. national security and foreign policy.
“The situation in the West Bank — in particular high levels of extremist settler violence, forced displacement of people and villages, and property destruction — has reached intolerable levels and constitutes a serious threat to the peace, security, and stability of the West Bank and Gaza, Israel, and the broader Middle East region,” Biden claimed.
The dilemma surrounding the hostage deal with Hamas is one that cannot be understated. On one hand, there is the undeniable, urgent need to bring the hostages home – those still alive and those whose bodies are being cynically held by the murderous terrorist group.
At the very basic level, we need to remember that there are hostages alive in Gaza – estimates suggest at least half of them are – and they can be brought home. This war began with the brutal attack on October 7, during which 251 people were abducted. Their return to their families is the very essence of what victory should look like.
But there is, of course, the other side to the equation: the immense risks Israel faces. The government entered into this deal reluctantly, fully aware of its fundamental flaw: Hamas’s refusal to release all hostages in one go. Instead, the deal is structured in a way that will see 33 Israelis released in several batches over the next 42 days. On day 16, the sides will start negotiations for the second phase of the deal, which is supposed to ensure the return of the remaining hostages.
Can Hamas be trusted to follow through on the second phase? The answer is painfully clear.
Those who oppose the deal are not without reason when they argue that halting the war, even temporarily, could endanger Israel. The logic is straightforward: Hostages will remain in captivity, meaning Hamas retains leverage, and Hamas itself remains. Israel will pause its military operations, pull back from certain areas of Gaza, and Hamas will almost certainly try to rebuild.
This dilemma, though, is not new; it was apparent from the very beginning of this war. The moment Hamas abducted so many people, it became clear that achieving a decisive victory would not be possible.
Had someone promised, for example, early on in the conflict that the war would end with Hamas eliminated but without returning the hostages, some might have accepted that outcome, but many Israelis would have viewed it as a defeat.
On the other hand, if someone had said that it would be possible to bring all of the hostages home but at the cost of allowing Hamas to retain its capabilities and remain in control of Gaza, that too would have been seen by many as a loss.
This is exactly why a hostage deal is needed. It is a concrete, tangible outcome. A deal that saves lives, bringing both civilians and soldiers back to their families and to their nation.
The broader goals of dismantling Hamas’s rule over Gaza and preventing its resurgence are far more elusive. They are objectives that hinge on several unpredictable factors, which could take years to determine if they have been achieved. The hostages, on the other hand, don’t have years – they don’t even have days.
Unfortunately though, in Israel nothing can be discussed without being filtered through the political lens – and the hostage deal is no exception. It has reached the point where it’s possible to predict someone’s stance on the deal based on how they vote.
Worse still, there are those who cannot even consider the deal without first assessing how it aligns with their views of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. If they support him, they support the deal; if they oppose him, they criticize the deal.
When US Secretary of State Antony Blinken declared two weeks ago that Hamas was to blame for the delay in reaching a deal, Netanyahu’s supporters pounced on the comment, spreading it widely to counter the widespread narrative that it was Netanyahu who was stalling for political reasons.
But when Itamar Ben-Gvir claimed on Tuesday that he had personally sabotaged a deal over the past year, suddenly those same voices fell silent. The truth is, Ben-Gvir had only one means of undermining the deal – by wielding political threats.
For Ben-Gvir, in a grotesque way, prolonging the suffering of hostages in Gaza’s terror tunnels while knowing that some would die was somehow a badge of honor. But what he also acknowledged was that Netanyahu caved to his threats. In other words, according to Ben-Gvir, Netanyahu chose to prioritize his coalition’s survival over the prospect of securing a hostage deal.
So, what is the truth? As with most complex issues, the answer lies somewhere in between. Hamas was undoubtedly the intransigent party, repeatedly refusing to engage in meaningful negotiations. However, Netanyahu’s political future was undeniably a factor in his decision-making process. That is the harsh reality.
We must also acknowledge that the Middle East landscape was drastically different just a few months ago, and there is room to argue that a deal then would not have been from a position of power for Israel.
The recent defeat of Hezbollah in Lebanon, the weakening of Iran, and the continuing degradation of Hamas all made a deal far more viable now than it would have been six months ago.
In the end, whether we support or oppose the deal, we must not lose sight of one simple truth: This is the only real way to bring the hostages home. There are people alive in Gaza, people who were abandoned by their country and their military on October 7. We have an obligation to get them back.
Hamas will not simply disappear, and Israel will have to continue its fight against the terrorist group in the future. But for now, we can celebrate the end of a long war and the return of our people. Sometimes, that can be enough.
Landmark Hostage Deal Inked in Doha: Israel, Hamas, US, & Qatar Seal Agreement
Edited by: Fern Sidman
Early Friday morning, representatives from Israel, Hamas, the United States, and Qatar officially signed a pivotal hostage deal in Doha, signaling a potential turning point in the ongoing crisis. According to a report at Israel National News (INN), the Israeli Prime Minister’s Office confirmed that the agreements for the release of hostages had been reached, following intense negotiations. The Security Cabinet and the broader government are expected to convene later on Friday to discuss and approve the deal.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed gratitude toward the negotiating team and all parties who facilitated the agreement, emphasizing the state’s unwavering commitment to securing the release of hostages, both living and deceased. The INN report highlighted Netanyahu’s directive to the Coordinator for the Hostages and Missing to prepare for the return of the hostages to Israel. A statement from the Prime Minister’s Office called attention to Israel’s broader war objectives, which include ensuring the safe return of all hostages.
Diplomatic sources cited by INN indicated that Prime Minister Netanyahu had refused certain demands from Hamas that deviated from the established understandings during negotiations. Specifically, Netanyahu stood firm against altering troop deployments in the Philadelphi Corridor, a contentious area along the Gaza-Egypt border. This steadfast approach, according to the source, contributed to the finalization of the agreement. Nevertheless, Netanyahu remains cautious and has deferred convening the Security Cabinet and government until all details are firmly resolved.
The proposed deal has elicited sharp political criticism within Israel. National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir announced on Thursday that if the Cabinet approves the agreement, he and his Otzma Yehudit party would resign from the government. Labeling the deal as “reckless,” Ben Gvir pointed to celebrations among Hamas supporters and Palestinians in Gaza and Judea and Samaria as evidence of the cleat cut Israeli surrender.
“When you see the jubilation of Hamas supporter MK Ayman Odeh and the dancing in Gaza, you understand which side is surrendering in this deal,” Ben Gvir stated to INN. He called on members of the Religious Zionist party and Likud to join him in opposing the agreement to prevent what he described as a “reckless surrender deal.”
As the deal awaits final approval, it has brought into sharp focus the delicate balance between Israel’s strategic objectives and the political unity of its government. INN also reported that the upcoming Security Cabinet meeting will be critical in determining the trajectory of this controversial agreement, and the potential fallout from Ben Gvir’s threatened resignation adds another layer of complexity.
Teddy Roosevelt and Jessica Tisch, separated by more than a century, share striking parallels as reform-minded leaders from prominent New York families with a remarkable ability to open doors. Both took the helm of the NYPD during periods of profound crisis. Both inherited a department plagued by corruption, low morale, and dysfunctional leadership, at pivotal moments when New York City grappled with high crime rates and complex political challenges that threatened public safety and the city’s future. Each NYPD leader faced the daunting challenge of reducing crime, overhauling a deeply entrenched and corrupt institution, and maneuvering through New York’s toxic political landscape to safeguard the city they were sworn to protect— all while earning and maintaining the trust and respect of a public seething with anger over the rampant crime that plagued their city’s streets, subways and lowered the quality of their lives.
Roosevelt’s tenure as Police Commissioner in the 1890s saw him confront entrenched corruption, inefficiency, and political interference within the NYPD, a force controlled by Tammany Hall’s politicians. His focus on merit-based promotions, rigorous standards for officers, new technology, and personal oversight—famously conducting “midnight rambles” patrolling the streets all night to ensure police accountability. Roosevelt failed at defeating Tammany Hall control of the NYPD, but he did set the standard of professionalism for the NYPD, rooted in integrity, accountability, community policing, and respect for the public—principles that that the department to this day strugles to achieve.
Jessica Tisch, is stepping into the role of NYPD commissioner during a modern era of NYPD in crisis, during a highly competitive mayoral election, faces a range of management and political challenges similar to those Roosevelt confronted. From serious allegations of supervisory corruption and misconduct to challenges of low morale, recruitment, force shortages, and political interference that undermined efforts to keep the public safe. Yet, just two months into her tenure, she has got off to the right start by taking bold action to reform the department. Her focus on removing corrupt NYPD leadership during her first month on the job, using modern technology she put in place, helped captured the CEO murder Luigi Mangione, and reinstituting merit promotions by stoping the transfer of 500 officers, reflects Roosevelt’s own commitment to restoring the NYPD’s credibility and efficiency.
Like Roosevelt Tisch faces a political firestorm that she will not be able to defeat and has to use all her skills not be caught up in. Roosevelt rose above the shifting political winds by steadfastly adhering to his reform message, avoiding the traps of political posturing or empty rhetoric. He remained unwaveringly honest with New Yorkers, forging a bond of trust through his commitment to what famously evolved into his “square deal,” his demestic agenda. Tisch would build trust with New Yorkers if she starts avoiding political spin like crime is down and it is the public perception that is the problem, and other public relations spins that talks down to the public.
Meet Jessica Tisch, the new New York City Police Commissioner. Yes, Tisch like the NYU school of arts and Tisch Cancer Institute. Her grandfather & his brother founded Lowes
This lady is an heir to billionaires (her father, grandmother, uncle are all billionaires) pic.twitter.com/XPasbSnQuL
When Teddy Roosevelt took charge of the NYPD in 1895, the department was a breeding ground for corruption and dysfunctional leadership. A Republican mayor, William Strong, had been motivated to reorganize the department after the Lexow Committee, a state legislative investigation, exposed endemic inefficiency and officers extorting protection money from local merchants and cop on the beat turning a blind eye to illegal activities in exchange for bribes. Revelations of officers taking hush money from brothels and saloons caused public outrage, led by journalists and reformers pointing to the influence of Tammany Hall, the powerful Democratic political machine, as the root of the problem.
Jessica Tisch: Confronting Similar Forced Call to Reform the NYPD and Political Challenges as Roosevelt
Fast forward to today, Commissioner Tisch faces a crisis within the NYPD that bears a striking resemblance to the challenges Roosevelt confronted. However, this crisis is exacerbated by modern interpretations of Roosevelt’s progressive ideals—ironically distorted by socialist-leaning elected officials who dominate New York’s government and elections. These socialist political leaders have departed from Roosevelt’s foundational commitment to public safety, prioritizing ideological agendas—such as the defund-the-police movement in the City Council and no-bail policies in Albany—over the safety and well-being of New Yorkers and the city. This has left Commissioner Tisch to navigate a landscape of policies that not only undermine the NYPD’s ability to protect and serve effectively but also violates the City Charter mandate for the NYPD to safeguarding the city and its citizens.
Appointed by Mayor Adams just last month, Tisch stepped into a department mired in scandal, including a “sex for overtime” controversy involving NYPD supervisors in Mayor Adams’ inner circle, compounded by l ow morale, low recruitment levels, staff shortages, and pervasive political interference by woke Albany and the City Council. Tisch also inherited an NYPD grappling with negative press stories and NYPD supervisory dysfunction. This time, the surge in crime is not driven by a corrupt police force, but by ideologically-driven progressive policies, including the no-bail law, sanctuary city regulations, and defunding the police measures. Much like Roosevelt before her, Tisch must navigate NY’s anything goes politics to restore integrity and functionality to the department, to protect New Yorkers and safeguard the city’s future.
Much like Roosevelt, who rose to prominence following an investigation into Tammany Hall corruption where bribery ran rampant within the NYPD, Commissioner Tisch assumed leadership in the wake of explosive allegations of misconduct within the department. Notably, prior to Tisch’s appointment, a scandal surfaced involving lobbyist James Caban, the twin brother of ousted Police Commissioner Edward Caban, who allegedly attempted to extort $2,500 from Brooklyn bar owner Shamel Kelly to resolve issues with the department. This modern-day bribery case echoes the Tammany Hall corruption Roosevelt confronted, highlighting the enduring need for strong, principled leadership and unwavering transparency to restore integrity to the NYPD.
Crisis Parallels Between the Roosevelt and Tisch Eras
Roosevelt battles the Tammany Hall tiger
Roosevelt faced a force deeply embedded in systemic Tammany Hall corruption, while Tisch must rebuild a department wrecked by lack of professional leadership, low morale and a workforce that wants to retire or transfer out to another police department.
While the challenges differ in nature—19th-century graft by the entire force versus 21st-century pay for play supervisors’ scandals and recruitment struggles—the underlying theme is the same: a need for transformative leadership to restore public confidence, rise above politics and reforming the department to effectly reduce crime. Just as Roosevelt’s reforms reshaped the NYPD into a more disciplined and professional modern organization, Tisch’s tenure represents an opportunity and need to confront today’s challenges with the same leadership decisive action as Roosevelt.
Roosevelt’s “Midnight Rambles” vs. Tisch’s Modern NYPD Purges
As the head of the NYPD in the 1890s, Roosevelt conducted “midnight rambles,” surprise inspections of officers on duty throughout the city, to weed out corruption and ensure accountability. He systematically removed corrupt officers who had extorted protection money from local merchants and profited from brothels and saloons.
NYPD’s Commissioner Tisch, facing her own crisis of corruption within the NYPD, launched a bold purge days after she became in charge of the department. Following explosive allegations that Chief Jeffrey Maddrey traded overtime for sexual favors at police headquarters, Tisch ousted Maddrey, and dozens of high-ranking NYPD officials in a shocking and unprecedented shake-up. Among those removed was Chief of Internal Affairs Miguel Iglesias, signaling her commitment to rooting out misconduct even at the department’s highest levels. This decisive action mirrors Roosevelt’s actions to overhaul a broken and corrupt police force.
Teddy Roosevelt’s Safety Vision for All vs. Today’s Tisch Ideological Challenges: A Tale of Two Completely Different Progressive Movements
Roosevelt’s involvement in the Progressive Movement started prior to his appointment as head of the NYPD, fueled his passion for government reform whose goal was to improve government service for all the people. As a visionary leader, he saw his role as head of the NYPD as an opportunity to prove progressive movement policies work in the nation’s largest city but also to elevate his influence within the Republican Party. Roosevelt’s progressive vision for government reform drove him to prioritize identifying and removing corrupt police officers who preyed on the city’s residents, aiming to restore trust in the NYPD and provide hope and security to every New Yorker who depended on the department for protection.
In stark contrast, a century later, Roosevelt’s progressive movement has devolved into a series of socialist ideological experiments, spearheaded by elected officials who dominate New York’s government and elections. These policies, including the controversial no-bail law implemented in 2019, caused a 30% surge in crime and are presenting unprecedented challenges for leaders like the new NYPD Commissioner Tisch. The commissioner is now forced to contend with a labyrinth of socialist-driven policies, such as the no-bail law, sanctuary city regulations, and the rise of migrant gangs. These initiatives have not only heightened the dangers faced by New Yorkers but have also severely hampered the NYPD’s ability to effectively combat crime and ensure public safety.
Roosevelt faced Tammany Hall control of the police force, Tisch faces ideological progressive policies allowing career criminals and dangerously mentally ill to dominate the city’s streets and subways. Unlike Roosevelt’s pragmatic approach, which prioritized public safety and law enforcement, Tisch now faces the difficult task of leading the NYPD while contending with politically imposed ideological roadblocks that undermine effective policing and jeopardize the safety of every New Yorker.
While Roosevelt’s leadership was defined by a progressive message rooted in safety and accountability, Tisch’s tenure has become a battle against an entirely different set of ideological progressive goals that undermine public safety. This stark contrast illustrates how the definition and goals of “progressivism” has evolved over the past century—and how these shifts have severely impacted the NYPD’s capacity to protect and serve the city, and the difficulty of the job ahead for Commissioner Tisch. In a recent New York Post article, Commissioner Tisch has already identified the no-bail law as a critical factor perpetuating the revolving door of career criminals within the NY’s justice system. Tisch emphasized how this policy fails to prioritize the rights and safety of victims, ultimately exacerbating the challenges the NYPD faces in maintaining order and public trust.
Both Roosevelt and Tisch: Disrupting Political Patronage with Merit-Based Leadership in the NYPD
As NYPD commissioner in the late 19th century, Roosevelt dismantled a culture where promotions were granted based on political connections to Tammany Hall corruption rather than merit. He introduced civil service exams and established a system where officers were promoted based on their qualifications, integrity, and performance. This shift not only improved the professionalism of the police force but also laid the groundwork for public trust in law enforcement.
In her first weeks Commissioner Tisch has taken similarly bold steps to restore accountability and integrity within today’s NYPD. Upon taking office, Tisch initiated a sweeping overhaul, addressing issues of favoritism and lax overtime oversight within the department. Her administration canceled more than 500 “improper transfers,” where officers connected to the inner circle then running the NYPD were reassigned without proper approval or paperwork, and set strict deadlines for correcting these violations.
In a shocking purge, Tisch removed dozens of high-ranking NYPD officials, starting with the Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB), after allegations surfaced about senior officers engaging in misconduct, including top cop Jeffrey Maddrey allegedly trading overtime for personal favors. Deputy Chief Chris Morello, the second-in-command of the IAB, was removed from his post following revelations of oversight failures. Chief of Internal Affairs Miguel Iglesias and Inspector Joseph Profeta, responsible for investigating high-ranking officers, were also reassigned after their roles were scrutinized for inadequate oversight on overtime abuse.
Both Roosevelt and Tisch faced entrenched corruption and political interference, but their insistence on merit-based leadership has reinforced accountability within the NYPD. By prioritizing qualifications, performance, and ethics, they disrupted a system where favoritism thrived, setting a standard for reform in law enforcement.
Roosevelt and Tisch: Modernizing the NYPD Across Eras
Roosevelt introduced bike patrols to control traffic and Tisch connected every officers phones to the NYPD for instant communications
Both Theodore Roosevelt and Jessica Tisch brought modernization to the NYPD, revolutionizing the department to meet the challenges of their respective eras.
As Police Commissioner in the 1890s, Theodore Roosevelt set out to transform the NYPD into a professional, efficient, and accountable force by implementing a wide range of reforms. He instituted rigorous recruitment and disciplinary standards, including entrance exams, to ensure that officers were both physically and mentally fit—marking a stark departure from the previous practice of political patronage. Roosevelt was a strong advocate for integrating modern technologies, overseeing the adoption of standardized equipment, such as the .32 Colt Caliber revolver, and scheduling regular inspections to maintain officer preparedness and uphold department integrity. To improve law enforcement efficiency, he introduced innovative measures like a bicycle squad to enforce traffic laws and ensured that every police station was equipped with telephones for better communication. Roosevelt also introduced meritorious service medals to boost morale and foster pride among officers. His bold reforms not only elevated the professionalism of the NYPD but also laid the foundation for a modern, technologically advanced, and highly effective police force.
Tisch: Technological Innovation and Modern Policing
Tisch brought similar transformative energy to the NYPD during her tenure as Deputy Commissioner for Information Technology (2014–2019). Tisch spearheaded the integration of modern technology into the department, including the implementation of body-worn cameras, equipping every officer with smartphones that allows every officer to receive pictures of wanted criminals instantaneously, and upgrading 911 operations. These innovations streamlined investigating processes, improved accountability, and enhanced the department’s ability to serve New Yorkers effectively.
The Sanitation Department Connection
Jessica Tisch became police commissioner after running the sanitation department. Roosevelt was offered the sanitation commissioner job before he was put in charge of the NYPD.
Roosevelt, often hailed as the godfather of American community policing, revolutionized law enforcement by emphasizing accountability, transparency, and engagement with the community. Through his “midnight rambles”- all night walks throughout the city, he ensured officers were present and active, engaged in their neighborhoods, building trust with residents and addressing local concerns. Roosevelt’s reforms prioritized ethical conduct and collaboration, laying the foundation for modern community policing strategies that value trust and partnership between law enforcement and the public. Roosevelt’s approach was guided by the work of Jacob Riis, a journalist and reformer whose groundbreaking book How the Other Half Lives exposed the harsh realities of tenement life. Riis, who walked along with Roosevelt on his midnight police beat walks exposed him to the underbelly of the city’s poor, inspired and influenced Roosevelt’s housing and policing reform progressive policies during his presendency. Together, their efforts reshaped urban governance and improved the lives of countless New Yorkers .
The NYPD Launched Roosevelt’s Career—Will It Do the Same for Tisch?
Theodore Roosevelt was sworn-in is as the 26th President of the United States upon the assassination of William McKinley
Roosevelt’s battles with the corrupt Tammany bosses and power brokers controlling the NYPD were so intense that he once lamented, “This is the last office I shall ever hold.” Despite these challenges, his unwavering commitment to use his “Bully Pulpit,” his position as head of the NYPD to push reform and integrity policies for the department, laid the groundwork for his future political success. To Roosevelt’s surprise, his time at the helm of the New York Police Department became a pivotal stepping stone in his rise to national prominence. While he was unable to eradicate Tammany Hall corruption within the NYPD, his two-year tenure was marked by significant contributions that showcased his fearless leadership from the front. Roosevelt’s efforts to professionalize the force and fight entrenched corruption solidified his national reputation as a trailblazing reformer and strengthened his political brand as a leader fighting for change, propelling him toward greater opportunities and ultimately the presidency.
Jessica Tisch, like Roosevelt, has stepped into the role of NYPD Commissioner during a time of crisis. While her future remains to be written, her efforts to modernize and reform the department workforce and leadership echo Roosevelt’s approach. If Commissioner Tisch can effectively engage and keep the trust of the public, navigate the challenges of New York’s dysfunctional political environment—made worse by a no-holds-barred mayoral campaign—while contending with progressive policies such as the no-bail law and sanctuary city regulations, she could position herself as a transformative leader, following in the footsteps of one of America’s most iconic reformers and propelling herself into broader roles of influence.
In this era the NYPD commionership is a tall and difficult job, one that demands unwavering resolve, a clear vision, and the ability to navigate complex political and social challenges. As Roosevelt famously stated in his “Arena” speech, it is not the critic who counts, but the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat, striving valiantly. The leaders tasked with safeguarding the public and reforming institutions face immense obstacles, but their ability to rise above these difficulties will determine the future of public safety and the trust placed in those who serve and protect. Like Roosevelt, it is through courage and determination in the face of adversity that progress is made
Book Review – Coincidences Are Rarely Coincidental
Diana Mara Henry, Andre Joseph Scheinmann, Mel Yoken, Marion Dreyfus–and Me
By: Phyllis Chesler
Many years ago, photographer and academic, Diana Mara Henry, gave me a bound copy of Andre’s Memoirs. I meant to read and review it, I never found the time, but I did hold onto it. This unfinished task haunted me.
Many years ago, my darling, now departed friend, Marion Dreyfus, introduced me to Professor Mel Yoken who thereafter, invited me to lecture at his synagogue in New Bedford, Massachusetts, about anti-Semitism/anti-Zionism. I was honored to do so.
Mel was charming, effusive, and energetic; he loved books, especially French books. In fact, he said he had a library of 15,000 books — all in French. Mel wanted to keep talking for many hours after the lecture. I was too tired to do so for long–but I well remember his generosity and geniality. Mel just happens to be Chancellor Professor Emeritus of French Language and Literature and was awarded the French Legion of Honor.
Very recently, Diana Mara Henry sent me her finished book, just published by Chiselbury. I began reading it–and was constantly astounded. When I came across Mel Yoken’s photo with Andre and the long interview with him that Mel had conducted — I grew very excited. Quickly, Diana connected me with Mel, with whom I’d lost contact and–voila!–we began to email each other.
I had absolutely no idea that Diana Henry knew Mel Yoken until I started reading her book. I had no idea that Mel Yoken had spent time with–and had interviewed–the subject of Diana Henry’s extraordinary book titled: “I am ANDRE. German Jew, French Resistance Fighter, British Spy.” Andre’s life reads like Terry Hayes’s spy thriller, “I Am Pilgrim.” Andre’s derring-do deeds under Nazi rule in Vichy, France were as daring, dangerous, and flat-out unbelievable as were the fictional Pilgrim’s, or the fictional James Bond’s. By the way, did you know that Ian Fleming’s model for Bond was Sidney Reilly, aka Shlomo Rosenblum, a Russian-Jewish spy for Britain?
Here is what Mel just wrote to me about Henry’s book.
“I AM ANDRE, (was) written by award-wining journalist, Holocaust scholar and researcher Diana Mara Henry. It is, succinctly stated, one of the most significant books ever published on World War II, and deserves to be read, studied and discussed by all who are interested in this all-important subject.
The book is absorbing and compelling, deeply moving, fascinating and, above all, thoroughly honest. The riveting historical pageant celebrates how heroism, faith, fortitude and goals achieved truly count for something. In this richly detailed book, there are chapters that are not only engaging and anecdotal, but are also the most spellbinding and theatrical accounts of the Second World War that I have read in years! This is just not another war story. It is a masterpiece filled with every emotion possible, such as joy and sorrow, grief and triumph, sadness and happiness.
Andre, born Joseph Scheinmann in Munich in 1915, (lived in) in New Bedford, Massachusetts from 1951 to his death in 2001. He was a German Jew turned French resistance fighter. As an Mi6 agent, he was at the fulcrum of the jockeying of French and British secret services for the earliest, nearly unknown French networks, 1940-1942.
Henry’s monumental, extremely developed biography details his life, and gives the reader an absolutely sterling perspective of every aspect of Scheinmann’s action and struggle to maintain integrity, undercover of another identity. He was a hero par excellence throughout the Second World War, even in Gestapo prisons and in concentration camps Natzweiler and Dachau.
The impact of Henry’s exegesis of Scheinmann resonates far beyond the pages of this book. It enhances our understanding of World War II and all its intricacies. This oeuvre, which is also richly illustrated, enriches our understanding of one man and what he did to make us understand quintessential heroism. For this and more, Henry deserves praise, and I AM ANDRE deserves a place in the Pantheon of impressive, invaluable books that will most certainly live on forever.”
Now—back to me.
How Andre survived prison, interrogations, torture, death camps, hard labor camps, isolation, and the murder of most of his family is a very daunting but instructive tale. He never gave up, he never backed down, he rebounded from near-capture almost daily, and always came up with new ways to successfully sabotage Nazi plans, for both the French Underground and the British Secret Spy Service. He managed to gain the trust and respect of the Nazis with whom he worked, (on behalf of the French Resistance), because both his German and his French were perfect and his false persona–obedient, humble, “righteous” on their behalf–gained the Nazi’s trust and admiration.
He saved his resistance teams, time and again; he never betrayed anyone; he shared what he had; he was a consummate organizer and survivor.
May we all learn from him.
Thank you Diana for undertaking thirty years of research in order to bring Andre to us, to ensure that his words and deeds are known, now and forever, for all who’ve never had the privilege of knowing or working with him.
Although Andre’s first-person Memoir may be found in Holocaust Archives, his story, as Henry has researched it, flies completely under the radar. Surely, this should be a movie.
The Jewish community of Turkey is grieving the loss of Chief Rabbi Isak Haleva, who passed away at 84 on Tuesday. Haleva, who served as the Hahambaşi (Chief Rabbi) since 2002, was deeply respected for his leadership, spiritual guidance, and commitment to fostering peace and unity. His death marks the end of an era for Turkey’s Jewish community, according to a report on The Jewish Telegraphic Agency web site.
Haleva was the 35th individual to hold the title of Hahambaşi, a role with historical roots tracing back to the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul (then Constantinople) in 1453. The JTA report noted that this title symbolizes continuity and resilience within the Jewish community of Turkey, bridging centuries of history from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish Republic. In a heartfelt statement, the Turkish Jewish community said, “We are deeply saddened by the loss of our esteemed elder, our Chief Rabbi Rav Isak Haleva, who always believed in the unifying power of peace and love and who led our community in line with this belief for many years.”
Haleva assumed his role during a transformative and challenging period for Turkish Jewry. According to the information provided in the JTA report, just a year into his tenure, he guided the community through the devastating 2003 Al-Qaeda bombings of two synagogues in Istanbul. These attacks marked one of the darkest moments for Turkey’s Jewish population in the 21st century.
Haleva’s tenure also coincided with significant geopolitical shifts. He was elected the same year that Recep Tayyip Erdogan came to power as Turkey’s prime minister. Over the years, Erdogan’s government transitioned from being a strong ally of Israel to a vocal critic, particularly in the wake of the 2023 war in Gaza, when Turkey endorsed Hamas and severed trade ties with Israel. Amid these tensions, Haleva remained a steady and respected figure, navigating his community through the complexities of political and social change.
The JTA report highlighted Haleva’s remarkable ability to serve as a bridge between Turkish Jews and the broader Muslim-majority society. His constructive and warm demeanor helped him cultivate relationships with national and international leaders. “During his duty, Rav Haleva, with his warm and constructive personality, established personal friendships with both our president and many statesmen who visited our country,” the Turkish Jewish community said in their statement.
Haleva was present during key diplomatic moments, including President Barack Obama’s visit to Turkey in 2009 and Pope Francis’s trip in 2014. He also met Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad in Istanbul in 2008 during a summit hosted by Erdogan. The JTA reported that in speaking about the meeting, Haleva later told an Israeli news outlet, “As a religious official, I do not involve myself in political matters. The prime minister of Turkey summoned me, so I came.” He shared that he encouraged Assad to pursue peace with Israel.
The JTA reported that even Turkish President Erdogan personally conveyed his sympathies, reaching out to the lay leadership of the Jewish community to offer condolences. This gesture speaks volumes about tthe respect Haleva commanded across religious and political divides.
The JTA reported that Israeli President Isaac Herzog highlighted Rabbi Haleva’s lasting influence on interfaith dialogue and his leadership within Turkey’s ancient Jewish community. Writing on X, Herzog stated, “While Chief Rabbi Rav Haleva’s voice will be greatly missed, his legacy will serve as a guiding light for future generations.”
Rabbi Haleva’s son, Naftali Haleva, who is also a rabbi and a potential successor to his father, emphasized the universal appeal of his father’s character. “Because of his characteristic personality, he touched everyone’s heart,” Naftali Haleva shared in an interview, according to the JTA. Messages of condolence have come from both Jews and non-Jews, spanning local and international communities, attesting to the rabbi’s role as a unifying figure across cultural and religious divides.
Julie Eadeh, the U.S. Consul General in Istanbul, expressed her condolences, saying, “During my many meetings with Chief Rabbi Haleva as Consul General, I have been inspired by his messages of our shared humanity. His leadership and dedication to the Jewish community will be remembered and cherished. Our condolences go out to his family, friends, and all those whose lives he touched.”
For Turkey’s Jewish community, Rabbi Haleva’s leadership extended beyond formal religious duties. He was a fatherly presence, deeply committed to Sephardic Judaism and to fostering a sense of unity among his people. Ishak Ibrahimzadeh, president of Turkey’s organized Jewish community, expressed his personal loss on X, saying, “I lost not only our chief rabbi, but also my spiritual father.” As reported by the JTA, Rabbi Haleva’s warmth and accessibility endeared him to people across generations. Rabbi Mendy Chitrik, a Chabad emissary in Istanbul who worked closely with Haleva for over two decades, emphasized the rabbi’s ability to connect with everyone in a “fatherly manner.”
Rabbi Haleva’s influence transcended Turkey’s borders, extending to Sephardic communities in Israel, the United States, and beyond. Ethan Marcus, managing director of the Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America, told the JTA that Rabbi Haleva embodied the ideal qualities of a Sephardic rabbi. “His deep sense of wisdom, commitment to Ladino and the Sephardic tradition, and his joie de vivre were unique markers of Ottoman Sephardic rabbis,” Marcus remarked, lamenting the loss of these qualities with the rabbi’s passing. Rabbi Haleva’s passion for Ladino, the traditional language of Sephardic Jews, further underscored his dedication to preserving cultural heritage.
For many, Rabbi Haleva represented the final chapter of a historical period in Turkey’s Jewish history. Hay Eytan Cohen Yanarocak, a Turkish-born scholar at Tel Aviv University’s Moshe Dayan Center, highlighted this sentiment to the JTA, noting that Haleva symbolized an era of Ottoman Sephardic leadership that is now fading. His death marks not just the loss of an individual but also a connection to a rich and storied past.
“The Jewish community in Turkey is currently a small community. We could also call it a big family,” Yanarocak, told the JTA. “Unfortunately, I feel as though we have lost a beloved grandfather in our family. Rabbi Haleva was kind-hearted, warm, and one of us with his ever-smiling face.” Yanarocak’s sentiments reflect a widespread sense of loss among Turkish Jews, who regarded Haleva as both a spiritual leader and a familial presence.
Despite his passing, Rabbi Haleva’s contributions to interfaith dialogue, cultural preservation, and community leadership will continue to inspire future generations. As President Herzog aptly noted, his legacy serves as a “guiding light.” Rabbi Haleva’s life exemplified the power of faith, wisdom, and kindness in uniting diverse communities, a legacy that resonates far beyond the boundaries of Turkey’s Jewish community.
Born in 1940, Rabbi Haleva lived through a period of dramatic decline in Turkey’s Jewish population. According to the JTA, the Jewish community in Turkey shrank from nearly 100,000 in the early 20th century to approximately 15,000 today. The report in the JTA indicated that this sharp decline was fueled by a series of discriminatory events targeting non-Muslim minorities, such as the 1942 wealth tax and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom, as well as broader economic and political instability in subsequent decades.
Despite these challenges, Rabbi Haleva remained committed to his Turkish roots. Even as many Sephardic Jews sought Spanish and Portuguese citizenship in recognition of their heritage, he proudly identified as a “Turkish Jew.” During a visit to Portugal in 2016, he told the JTA, “I’m a Turkish Jew, period.”
Haleva’s decision to return to Turkey after studying in Israel and completing his rabbinic ordination at the Porat Yosef Yeshiva highlights this commitment. There, he studied under such renowned Sephardic rabbis as HaGaon HaRav Ovadya Yosef, Zt’l, HaRav Yaakov Ades, and HaRav Ben Zion Abba Shaul, leaders who left an indelible mark on modern Sephardic Judaism. “For the 20th and 21st century, these were the most prominent Sephardic rabbis for the entire universe,” his son, Naftali Haleva, told the JTA.
Rabbi Haleva’s leadership style bridged the old world of Ladino-speaking Ottoman Jews and the modern realities of a community adapting to a changing Turkey. According to the information in the JTA report, he was the first Chief Rabbi to deliver sermons in Turkish, reflecting his deep understanding of his community’s evolving identity. Ethan Marcus, managing director of the Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America, noted that Rabbi Haleva was a “connector generation,” steeped in Sephardic traditions yet fully engaged with contemporary challenges.
“He was born into a world where Ladino was the lingua franca, albeit diminishing in use,” Marcus told the JTA. “The idea of being Sephardic was that ethos of warmth and love and being steeped in one’s traditions and halacha but also fully engaged in the wider world and its challenges. It’s something he was fully immersed in.”
This ability to connect with people across generations and cultures made Rabbi Haleva a unique and cherished figure. “We all grew up under his knees – in the synagogue, the Jewish high school, his presence was felt very much,” Yanarocak said, recalling the rabbi’s influence on Turkish Jews who have since emigrated to Israel.
Later this year, Turkey’s Jewish community will hold an election to choose Rabbi Haleva’s successor, a process that uniquely allows all adult Jews in Turkey to vote. Among the candidates is Rabbi Haleva’s son, Naftali Haleva, who has already expressed his deep admiration for his father’s legacy.
The JTA report noted that Rabbi Haleva’s death represents not just the loss of an individual but also the fading of a connection to a historical era of Sephardic life. As Marcus poignantly stated, “Losing him is really losing one of those last connections to that world that we’re trying to uphold and preserve.”
Rabbi Isak Haleva’s life and leadership exemplify the resilience of Turkey’s Jewish community and the enduring power of faith and tradition in the face of adversity. His memory will remain a source of inspiration for generations to come, a testament to the strength of a community that continues to adapt and thrive despite the challenges of history.
